Universal Gramatik Universal Grammar
En este projet sistemik supra le gramatik universal, este es presented desde le punt de viste de le analisis de sistemes, le plus simplement posible, par faciliter le comprension de le complexitie de le linguas, parce que este projet es oved et adaptable a le necesities present et future.
On this systemic project about universal grammar, it is presented from an analysis system that is as simplified as possible, aiming to facilitate the comprehension of the complexity of languages. It is an open and adaptable project for present and future need.
Le comprension de le gramatik universal face posible elever le entendemente de le gramatikes de le linguas en general et de le lingua personal en particular.
Le sintaxis se pove entender como le combinacion de du elementes, de un binomie linguistik, que pove recibir diferente nomes segun le funcion que have en un oracion.
Ese binomie, employende un metode de analisis event-ente ente-event, donere como resultat le oracion.
Este metode consiste en:
- Definicion de le elementes basik
- Establecer sue relaciones interne
- Analisis de ese relaciones complexe
- Mostrer le elementes complexe en le elementes basik
De este forme, quelcun estructure linguistik, inclured le plus complexes, pove eser reducid a un composicion iterative binomial de ente-evente evenete-ente.
Through the understanding of universal grammar, it becomes possible to enhance the comprehension of grammars in general, including our personal tongue.
Syntax can be understood as the combination of two elements, a linguistic binomial, which can be referred to by different names depending on the functions it fulfills.
Using an event-entity and entity-event analysis method, this binomial will result in a phrase or sentence.
This method consists of:
- Defining the basic elements
- Establishing their internal relationships
- Analyzing these complex relationships
- Illustrating the complex relationships within the basic elements
Like this, any linguistic structure, no matter how complex, can be reduced to an iterative binomial composition of entity-event and event-entity.
Binomies Integral
Le estructure sintactik basik es composed per binomies, que se integre mutualmente jusque le oracion es formed.
Le binomie basik es le binomie objet et verbe (OV), conjuntemente con le binomies evente-ente (eventive) ente-evente (entitive), pero pove haver otre tipologies de binomie en un oracion, por exemple le binomie de sintagme nominal (entitive) et sintagme verbal (eventive), or le binomie adjetive-sustantive or verbe-adverbie.
Le binomie entitive-eventive es relative. Intra un binomie have sempre un elemente plus entitive or plus eventive respecte le otre.
Algun binomies es influencied per otre binomies superior. En ocasiones le relaciones inter binomies face changer le orden de le oracion.
Le du diferent ordenes posible de le binomie basik (OV or VO) genere du grande families de linguas (de similar numero de parlantes; por exemple, en chinese et japonese le markes es postpositive):
Integral Binomials
The basic syntactic structure is composed of binomial elements that combine with each other to form a sentence.
The primary binomial consists of an object and a verb (OV), along with the binomials event-entity (eventive) and entity-event (entitive). However, there can be many other types of binomials in a sentence, such as the binomial of a nominal phrase (entitive) and a verbal phrase (eventive), or the binomial of an adjective and a noun, or a verb and an adverb.
The entitive-eventive binomial is relative, meaning that within any binomial, one element is always more entitive or more eventive in comparison to the other.
Some binomials are influenced by other higher-level binomials. Sometimes, the relationships between binomials cause a change in the order of the sentence.
Depending on the order of the basic binomial elements (OV or VO), two major language families are created, each with a similar number of speakers. For example, in Chinese and Japanese, the markers are postpositive:
Estructure VO or Subjetive
Linguas en le que le plus importante es le actor (le qui) fronte le objet (le que).
Estructure OV or Objetive
Linguas en le que le plus important es le objet (le que) front a le actor (le qui).
VO or subjective structure
Languages in which the actor (the who) is more important than the object (the what).
OV or objective structure
Languages in which the object (the what) is more important than the actor (the who).
Le linguas en origine, en comunities petit, normalmente es objetive, et quande es transformed a comunities grande have tendencie a se convertir en subjetive. En le linguas subjetive le actor (qui realise le action) es le elemente plus importante, fronte le objet (le action realised), inversemente que en le linguas subjetive.
Este tendencie confirme que have haved un change de value, que face plus importante a le qui (subjetive) fronte a le action realised (objetive).
In small communities, original languages are usually objective, but when they transform into larger communities, they tend to become subjective. In subjective languages, contrary to objective ones, the main element is the actor (who carries out the action), while the object (what action is carried out) takes a secondary role.
This tendency confirms a shift in values, where the emphasis is placed on the actor (subjective) rather than the action itself (objective).
Le hindi et le english antik es ergative.
Le lingua chinese, formed per topic et comentarie, es based supra le misme principies pero con du oraciones.
Hindi and Old English are ergative.
Chinese language, characterized by the use of topic and comment, follows similar principles but employs two separate sentences.
Eventive / Entitive
Le binomie basik es formed per le verbe-objet objet-verbe. Le du elementes es complemented binomialmente de maniere interactive con le reste de sintagmes de un oracion.
Le diagrame siguiente, como digesto, mostre eskematikmente le caracteristikes principal de le du grande grupes en que quelcun lingua pove eser clasified: le estructure VO et le estructure OV. Le linguas es originariemente entitive or eventive, pero le realitie es que le majoritie es hibride.
Eventive / Entitive
The basic binomial structure is formed by the verb-object (VO) and object-verb (OV), complemented interactively with the rest of the sentence’s syntagmas.
In summary, the diagram below illustrates the main characteristics of the two major groups into which any language can be classified: VO structure and OV structure. Languages are originally entitive or eventive, but most of them are hybrid.
| ESTRUCTURE DE GRAMATIK UNIVERSAL | |
|---|---|
| BINOMIES SITAXE POSICIONAL | |
| Evente- Ente (Eventive – Entitive) | Ente – Evente (Entitive – Eventive) |
| VO | OV |
| Verbe – Objet | Objet – Verbe |
| Verbe evente principal | Verbe evente principal |
| Objet no referente (Acusative) | Objet referente (Absolutive) |
| Actor referente (Nominative) | Actor no referente (Ergative) |
| Subjetive | Objetive |
| Preposicion | Postposicion |
| Principal – Subordinad | Subordinad – Principal |
| Principal – Complemente | Complement – Principal |
| Sustantive – Adjetive | Adjetive – Sustantive |
| Verbe – Adverbe | Adverbe – Verbe |
| Objet – Receptor (OR) | Receptor – Objet (RO) |
| Accion active | Accion pasive |
| Actor posicion libre | Actor posicion libere |
| Referent no marked | Referent no marked |
| Receptor sempre marked | Receptor sempre marked |
| Particules preoracionales | Particules postoracionales |
Le actor referente et le objet referente es le que se refere a le verbe.
Lingua Subjetive
- Actor: Nominative (Referente de le verbe)
- Objet: Acusative
- Estructure: (A) V O (A)
Lingua Objetive
- Actor: Ergative
- Objet: Absolutive (Referent de le verbe)
- Estructure: A) V O (A)
The referent actor and the referent object are those which refer to the verb.
Subjective Language
- Actor: Nominative (Referent of the verb)
- Object: Accusative
- Structure: (A) V O (A)
Objective Language
- Actor: Ergative
- Object: Absolutive (Referent of the verb)
- Structure: (A) O V (A)
Estructure doble oracion
Este estructure es de du oraciones unid, le primere expone le teme (topic) et le seconde develope le comentarie. Le oracion topic no have verbe.
Este es un case tipik de le linguas chinese et japanese, et equalmente usual en le gramatik de le linguas objetive (por example le postposicion)
Un exemple de oracion chinese traducid a multilingua poverie eser le siguiente:
- 猎鼠的猫 (Chino)
- Gato, caza ratones (Español) (Referente tematik) (Comentarie supra le topik)
- Le cat, il caza rates (Multilingua)
Have varies referentes: -un referente general (topic), et un referente focal, supra le actor or subjetive (nominative) or supra le objet (absolutive). En le oracion topic sere le referente general, et en le oracion comentarie sere le referente focal.
Le chinese no have markes par este fenomene gramatik, pero por exemple en le japanese have le siguiente particules:
- Wa – Referente general (teme, topic)
- Ga – Referente focal (objetive or subjetive)
Le combinatorie de le estructures de le linguas pove eser extraordinariemente grande.
Double sentence structure
They are two joined sentences, the first one introduces the topic, and the second one develops the comment. The verb is omitted in the topic sentence.
This is a typical case in Chinese and Japanese languages, which usually rule the grammar of objective languages (for example, postposition).
An example of a Chinese sentence translated into Multilingua could be the following:
- 猎猎鼠的 猫 (Chinese)
- Cat, it hunts mice (English)(Referent topic) (Comment on the topic)
- Le cat, il caza rates (Multilinguale)
There are several referents: a general one (topic) and a focal one, either regarding the actor or subjective (nominative) or regarding the object (absolutive). In the topic sentence, the general referent will be referred to, while in the comment sentence, the focal referent will be present.
In Chinese, there are no markers to indicate this fact, but for example, in Japanese, the following particles are used:
- Wa – General referent (subject, topic)
- Ga – Focal referent (objective or subjective)
The combinatorial nature of language structures can be extraordinarily vast.