Le oracion et su elementes The sentence and its elements

Have 9 categories gramatical \ morfosintactik:

  • Determinante
  • Nome
  • Adjetive
  • Pronome
  • Verbe
  • Adverbe
  • Adposicion
  • Conjuncion
  • Interjeccion!

Thera are 9 gramatical \ morfosintactik:

  • Determinant
  • Name
  • Adjective
  • Pronoun
  • Verb
  • Adverb
  • Adposition
  • Conjonction
  • Interjection!

Le orden general de le elementes en le oracion

Le objetive de multilingua es oferer a tot le parlantes le posibilite de se expreser desde quelcum lingua origine, le sue propie. Por ese rason, nosotres explike le diferente posiciones de le elementes de un oracion como normalmente aparece en le diferente linguas.

General order of the elements in a sentence

Since the purpose of Multilingua is to offer every speaker the possibility to express themselves in their source language, whatever it may be, we will be explaining the different positions of elements in different languages.

Le orden de le elementes en le oracion es diferente en le linguas subjetive et objetive, como nosotres explike:

(A: actor; V: verbe; O: objet; R: receptor)

As explained here, the order of elements in a sentence varies between subjective and objective languages:

(A: Actor; V: Verb; O: Object; R: Recipient)

Orden de le elementes en le linguas objetive

AVOR (Jon done livre Pedro / Jone done livre a Pedro)

  • Preposicion
  • Substantive + complemente
  • Substantive + adjetive
  • Oracion principal + oracion subordinad
  • Verbe et adverbie
  • Nominative et acusative

Elements order in objective languages

AVOR (Jon done livre Pedro / Jon done livre a Pedro)

  • Preposition
  • Noun + complement
  • Noun + adjective
  • Main sentence + subordinate sentence
  • Verb and adverb
  • Nominative and accusative

Orden de le elementes en le linguas subjetive

AROV (Jon Pedro libre done)

  • Complemente + sustantive
  • Adjetive + sustantive
  • Oracion subordinad + Oracion principal
  • Adverbe et verbe
  • Ergative et absolutive

Linguas AVOR

  • Europa: English, Francese, español, Germanik, Rusian, Italian, Portuguese, Holandese, Suek, Polonese, Chek, Grek, etc.
  • America: Guarana, Maya, etc.

Linguas AROV

  • Basque, Japanese.

Elements order in subjective languages

AROV (Jon Pedro libre done)

  • Postposition
  • Complement + noun
  • Adjective + noun
  • Subordinate sentence + Main sentence
  • Adverb and verb
  • Ergative and absolutive

AVOR languages

  • Europe: English, French, Spanish, German, Russian, Italian, Portuguese, Dutch, Swedish, Polish, Czech, Greek, etc.
  • America: Guarana, Maya, etc.

AROV languages

  • Basque, Japanese.

Le orden servi par asigner le case or funcion de le elementes de la oracion, quI es le actor, le objet or le receptor. No obstante, es equalmente posible user markes, parce que le markes es used en quelque linguas or par clarifier le significad. Multilingua evite generalmente le redundancie pero cherche faciliter le comprension, et in este case le markes aide a confirmer si have dudes.

→Juan done un livre a Pedro en Paris

→A Pedro Juan done un livre en Paris

En este oraciones, le orden aclare le funciones de Actor, Objet et Receptor sin user markes. No obstante, no es equal:

→Pedro Juan done livre en Paris

En este oracion es necesarie introducir le marke de le dative, parce que le receptor, quI recibi le libre, no es clare. Por ese rason, le mark aide a la comprension.

→A Pedro Juan done livre en Paris

Le hindi et le english antik es ergative.

Le lingua chinese, formed per topic et comentarie, es based supra le misme principies pero con du oraciones.

The order aims to assign the case or function of sentence elements, which determines the roles of the actor, object, and recipient. However, marks can also be used, either because they are used in certain languages or to clarify the meaning. Multilinguale strives to avoid redundancy while facilitating comprehension. In this case, marks help to confirm any uncertainties.

→ Juan gives a book to Pedro in Paris

→ Juan gives Pedro a book in Paris

In these sentences, the order clarifies the roles of the actor, object, and recipient without the need for marks.

However, it is not the same in the following sentence:

→ Pedro Juan gives book in Paris

Here, it is necessary to introduce the dative mark since the recipient, who receives the book, is not clear. Therefore, the mark is helpful for comprehension:

→ To Pedro Juan gives book in Paris

El hindi y el antiguo inglés son ergativos.

La lengua china, formada por topic y comentario, se basa en las mismas premisas pero empleando dos frases.

Markes de le elementes de la oracion

Le marks de le elementes de le oracion es doned per le posicion de este elementes en le oracion.

  • Le elementes referente, nominative et absolutive, nunca es marked, et pove eser distinguid per le manque de marke or per le posicion.
  • Le elementes no referente pove necesiter eser marked, si no es identifiked per le contexte or per le posicion. De este maniere, se establece le siguientes priorites: le marke supra le contexte, et le contexte supra le posicion.
  • Le dative sempre porte markes: ad (a)
  • Le acusative et le ergative es equalement distinguid per le posicion (le markes es aceptad pero no recomendad).
  • Acusative: an (-n)
  • Ergative: ak (-k)
  • Le objet es normalmente inter le verbe et le receptor (VOR#ROV), et si la posicion no es ese, et le contexte no lo aclare, se dove marker le objet et le receptor.
  • Si no have dative, le acusative pove porter le marke de dative (a), parce que le du es objetes, le acusative objet direct et le dative objet indirecte. Le marke no es un marke especifik de dative, es un marke de objet en general.

Marks of the elemnts of the sentence

The marks of the elements of a sentence are given by the position imposed by the order of the elements.

  • The referent elements, nominative and absolutive, have no marks and can be distinguished by the lack of mark or by the position.
  • If they are not identified by the context or by the position, non referent elements may need a mark. In this way, the following priorities are set up: the mark above the context, and the context above the position.
  • Dative always has marks: ad (a)
  • Accusative and the ergative are also distinguished by the position (marks are accepted but not recommended).
  • Accusative: an (-n)
  • Ergative: ak (-k)
  • The object normally goes between the verb and the recipient (VOR#ROV). If it is not so, and the context do not clear it, both object and recipient must be marked.
  • If there is no dative, accusative can carry the mark of  dative (a), since both are objects, accusative direct object and the dative indirect object. Therefore, the mark is not a specific mark of dative, but a mark of object in general.

Examples / Exemples

VO
Simon done un livre  a Ana
(nom)           (acu)      (dat)
VOA Ana done un livre   Emilio    
(dat)             (acu)       (nom)
OVSimon    a Ana  un livre done
(erg)      (dat)    (abs)
OVA Ana  un livre done Simon
(dat)     (abs)              (erg)
Event – Ente (VO)Nominative (actor referent)no marked
Acusative (objet no referent)an (-n)Opcional
Dativead (a)Necesarie
Ente – Event (OV)Ergative (actor no referent)ak (-k)Opcional
Absolutive (objet referent)no marked
Dativead (a)Necesarie

Otre maniere de asigner le cases es le proposicion et postposicion. Le siguiente examples se explique.

Expresions or linguas que use preposicion:

Ex.: “cup of coffee” (english) → Taza de cafe

Expresions or linguas que use postposicion:

Ex: “coffee cup” (english) → Cafe taza  (cafe-de taza)

Es recomendable que le elemente marked es le elemente que determine (determinante), et no le elemente determined. 

Another way to assign cases is through prepositions and postpositions. We explain it in the following examples:

Expressions in languages that use preposition:

Ex.: “cup of coffee” (english) → Taza de cafe

Expressions in languages that use postposition:

Ex: “coffee cup” (english) → Cafe taza (cafe-de taza)

It is advisable to place the case marker on the determining element (determiner) rather than the determined one.

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